What is required and why

• Virtual server, so that publishing application could be installed and which may also be a dedicated server (or more than one).
• Extra disk space, so that it can be expanded more easily if necessary.
• Domain name, so that others could know where to go.
• CDN service, so that operation of the publishing applcation would be quicker and more stable.

How much it costs

Virtual server. A good and plentiful minimum resources cost around 10 euros per month (expect if prices have increased e.g. due to the widespread increase in the prices of equipment components). Hourly billing is used. Many variations in resources and network topology. Hosted by Hetzner, with a data center in e.g. Finland, but it’s not strictly necessary to use their services. There is no guarantee that virtual servers will be available at any given time, which may affect, e.g. subsequent changes to the network topology.

Extra disk space. This can be expanded up to 10 terabytes, but initially only a modest 10 GB will be bought together with the virtual server and which costs 0.72 euros per month, and may not actually be needed for anything.

Domain name. This can be purchased from Hetzner, but also from anywhere else. The most important thing is that some has rights and ability to make minor changes to the domain’s DNS settings, as the domain must be set to direct to the numerical IP address where the virtual server is located.

CDN service (Content Delivery Network). A separate user account is registered with the Bunny CDN and a team member having "Manage zones" permissions should be added so that settings could be set on the customer's behalf. An advance payment of a few euros may be sufficient to last for a long time. Bunny CDN also has other services available for use, for which a customer can choose to pay from the same prepayments.

SSL certificate. Previously, this was purchased separately, but currently a Let's Encrypt certificate is used without cost and which is automatically renewed, which means that it doesn't require any effort from a customer. It is possible to use commercial SSL certificates, which will cause the server to perform "about a minute's worth of work" if the customer can provide the information needed to create the certificate.

Verification requirement

For both Hetzner and Bunny CDN services, the easiest way to pay is by making an advance payments, which are automatically used to pay invoices. Prior to this recurring payment process, Hetzner requires a verification stage, for which it choosen that a payment of 25 euros must be paid and which is credited in full towards the advance payments.

In the stages following the verification phase, advance payments are made using bank transfer, with the Hetzner user ID code entered as the reference so that the amount transferred is allocated to the correct user account. There are various options for making the payment for the verification phase.

Pricing pages

• Hetzner (pilvipalvelut): https://www.hetzner.com/cloud/
• Bunny CDN: https://bunny.net/pricing/

Contract lenghts

Hetzner charges for the use of virtual servers, even if they are shut down. If they are completely removed, leaving only the user account for use, billing will stop immediately after the current hour.

Domain names are typically those that are renewed or not renewed annually. A purchased domain name is usually the customer’s property, and it can be transfered to a registrar other than the one from which it was purchased, but it is, of course, worth reading the terms and conditions.

Using of the Bunny CDN can be terminated at any time, but of course it is not advisable to terminate it while all other essentials are still in use.

Billing cycles

Hetzner invoices its services on a monthly basis (or less frequently, if the total amount is below the limit it has set). The monthly billing dates remain the same, but would vary on a client-by-client basis.

Invoices are due immediately. You must pay within ten days for all your invoices. After that, we will send you an email reminder.

If you have a late invoice, we will first send you payment reminders and warnings by email. If we still do not receive your payment, we may take one of these steps: Lock one or more of your Hetzner servers or services; Cancel your Hetzner products; Lock or delete your entire Hetzner account. We make decisions about this on a case-by-case basis.

In Hetzner's case, the advance payment is intended to cover the costs for the next 30 days. If it starts to appear that the prepayment may not be paid, the customer of the web application will be contacted and it is anticipated that all Hetzner services used by the customer might have to be deactivated. This may mean that the virtual server with all its data may be deleted and after that it cannot be restored.

Paypack of prepayments

At least in the case of Hetzner, prepayments can be refunded for the remaining amount (minus the balance of the last invoice). According to the information received from Hetzner's customer service, the refund will be made using the payment method originally used to make the payments, i.e. PayPal payments via the publishing application developer to the PayPal account and bank transfers directly to the bank account of the publishing application customer. It is not quite clear whether there is a service fee for a bank transfer when paying back prepayments, but in the SEPA (Single Euro Payments Area) it should not be very much.

What does "overage costs" mean

Overage costs means additional fees over allotted usage limits. In the case of Hetzner's virtual server, it means that virtual server's outbound data traffic is free up to 20 terabytes and after that customer will get charged based on overage pricing, which in Hetzner's case is 1,26 eur per terabyte (in the summer of 2026). It is explained in the writing A word about limiting data transfer costs and visitor traffic how the admin user can manage and visualise outbound data transfers.

Minimal resources for the publishing application

Resources such as disk space, memory/performance for server equipment are available on request. As minimum resources, 8 GB memory and 4 vCPUs (processor time slots) have been considered as suitable, which at 14.8.2026 pricing means a maximum cost of 10,65 eur per month (at Hetzner's). Then, a virtual server will be in use, i.e. the processor is used by multiple Hetzner's client. Dedicated servers, i.e. servers used by only a single customer, are more expensive. A publishing application can be distributed over several servers, as explained in the writing about network topology changeability. Additional note: Cost-Optimised virtual servers have not always been available from Hetzner, so other providers have also been glanced through.

Alternative service providers

There are no separate agreements with Hetzner or Bunny CDN to remain their user. They just simply are excellent in terms of pricing, functionality, features and willingness to evolve. The similar permanence of maintainability is also an important criterion for using them.

Management of credientials

The control of the Hetzner user account remains solely with the developer/seller. The reasons for this include the need to authenticate with an identity document to obtain them and the risk of making incorrect configurations. With Bunny CDN customers can make technical changes themselves or create a team member account with limited permissions to make these changes. Various optionalities can be utilitized at the customer's request without any extra charge, provided that they are not too burdensome to implement. E.g. Bunny Storage, which is another service of Bunny, could be useful.

More business-like operations still ahead

The publishing application is not yet sold as a business, but as a private person, so at this stage the customer does not pay extra for product development, maintenance, etc.

To get a feel for how to increase credit balance, two different ways of transferring money to Hetzner was tried: directly from bank account (Nordea) and using the Wise service. Both were paid on Thursday and on Monday, immediately after the weekend, the credit balance had increased using both. The service charge for Wise matched exactly the amount that was left to transfer to Hetzner. The bank did not charge a service fee. The fact that both the sender and the recipient were located in the SEPA (Single Euro Payments Area) certainly helped to speed up the transaction flow. Hetzner is a German company, where its headquarters are located.

Bank transfer using Wise

Wise's interface is not so complicated that it would need a lot of explanation. You can get off to a good start by clicking the "Send money" button. Since it seemed relevant to be able to assess the consequences of having something wrong with the transfer details, the name of the recipient (Hetzner) was set to the name of the bank and the reference number was not only set to the required Hetzner customer ID, but it also contained text string "Customer ID:", but just as quickly the payment was made available as with a bank transfer.

The payment intermediary Wise charged a service fee of 0.41 eur for a transfer of 10 eur, which is probably an acceptable amount. The amount that ends up in Hetzner's account is clearly shown and you can see from your own online bank that ten euros have been deducted from the account. The money transfer in this case has also gone through Trustly, which has the advantage that the identity is verified by a bank ID and no other proof of identity is required.

Bank transfer using own bank (e.g. Nordea)

In addition to the Hetzner IBAN, it is important to include the Hetzner customer number in the reference data. A slight mistake made in the other try out allowed to deduce that the customer ID in the reference number could also contain a little extra like "Customer ID:" before the actual customer number and the amount of money would still end up where it was supposed to. However, it is probably recommended to use only the customer number as reference number. Nordea Bank did not charge a service fee (it was probably included in the personal service package).

An online bank transfer could not be much easier. Just as easy as transferring money domestically. A slightly different amount was sent for the sake of differentiation, i.e. 3 euros, which ended up in full in Hetzner's account.

Other services and about proving identity

PayPal's Xoom service may be as good as Wise. Other payment services that have emerged as potentially viable include Azimo, Instarem, Revolut, MoneyGram and transferGo. There are some country restrictions on the location of the sender for payment intermediaries such as Western Union, SendMoney24, GlobalWebPay and Ria. Skrill could be a good one, but at the time of writing, individuals cannot use it to send payments to businesses.

Some of these services don't let you do much until you've proved your identity in somewhat cumbersome way, possibly requiring to take a selfie, and prove your address by scanning an invoice that came in the mail, for example. In the case of the Wise service that was tried, you can use Trustly as a payment method, so you don't need to prove your identity beyond your bank ID. According to the Wise website, Trustly is available in Estonia, Finland, Spain, Poland, Sweden and Denmark.